Colon Cancer in Seniors: Signs and Symptoms
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According to the World Health Organization (WHO), colon cancer is the third most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths. In 2020, there were approximately 1.9 million new cases and 930,000 deaths worldwide.
But what is colon cancer, and what are the signs that every senior should never overlook?
What is Colon Cancer?
Colon cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the cells lining the colon, which is the longest part of the large intestine and a key component of the digestive system responsible for absorbing water and nutrients from food and forming stool. It usually starts as small growths called polyps, which are generally benign but can develop into cancer over time if not detected and removed.
Risk factors
Several factors can raise the likelihood of developing colon cancer. These factors include:
Age
The risk of developing colon cancer increases with age, with most cases occurring in people over 50. While younger adults can develop the disease, it is much less common. Ageing leads to cumulative genetic mutations and longer exposure to risk factors, which contribute to cancer development.
Lifestyle
A sedentary lifestyle and excess body weight promote inflammation and insulin resistance, which can encourage cancer growth. Smoking introduces carcinogens that increase mutation rates, while alcohol can damage the lining of the colon and interfere with DNA repair.
Diet
Diets high in red and processed meats and low in fibre, fruits, and vegetables are linked to higher colon cancer risk. In contrast, a diet rich in fibre and plant-based foods may help protect against colon cancer by promoting healthy digestion and reducing inflammation.
Genetics
Having a close relative with colon cancer increases your risk, especially if the relative was diagnosed before age 50 or if multiple family members are affected. This can be due to shared genes or environmental factors.
Colon Cancer in Seniors: Signs and Symptoms
Change in bowel movement
One of the earliest and most common signs of colon cancer is a noticeable change in bowel habits. This can include more frequent diarrhoea or constipation, stools that are narrower or ribbon-like, or a feeling that the bowel does not empty completely after a movement.
Blood in the stool
Blood in the stool may appear as bright red blood, indicating bleeding from the lower colon or rectum, or as dark, tar-like stools caused by bleeding higher in the colon. Sometimes the blood is not visible to the naked eye and is only detected through stool tests.
Persistent abdominal discomfort
Ongoing abdominal pain, cramps, gas, or bloating can signal colon cancer. Unlike occasional discomfort, persistent pain may result from tumour growth causing pressure or partial blockage in the colon. This discomfort can worsen over time and may be accompanied by excessive gas or a feeling of fullness even after eating small amounts of food.
Unexplained weight loss
Colon cancer can alter metabolism and nutrient absorption, especially if tumours obstruct the colon. Additionally, the energy demands of growing tumours can lead to weight loss.
Symptoms of colon cancer in seniors can vary but often involve the signs above. Early detection is necessary, making it highly treatable, with a survival rate of more than 90% in its stages.
